Plato Vs. Aristotle :: essays research papers

Plato versus Aristotle      Plato and Aristotle, two rationalists in the fourth century, hold polar sees on governmental issues and theory all in all. This reality is astutely shown by Raphael's "School of Athens" (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is depicted admiring the higher structures; and Aristotle is pointing down in light of the fact that he bolsters the common sciences. In a conversation of governmental issues, the outlook of every savant turns into a basic factor. It isn't adventitious that Plato states in The Republic that Philosopher Rulers who have information on the great ought to be the governors in a city state. His solid enthusiasm for transcendentalism is shown in The Republic different occasions: for instance, the analogies of the cavern, the sun, and the line, and his hypothesis of the structures. Since he is so engaged with mysticism, his perspectives on governmental issues are progressively hypothetical instead of genuine. Aristotle, conflictingly, holds the view that legislative issues is the craft of administering and being managed thusly. In The Politics, he endeavors to diagram a method of overseeing that would be perfect for a real state. Parity is a fundamental word in talking about Aristotle since he trusts it is the fundamental component to making a steady government. His less otherworldly way to deal with governmental issues makes Aristotle more in line with the advanced world, yet he is a long way from present day.      Plato's idea of what legislative issues and government ought to be is a direct aftereffect of his faith in the hypothesis of structures. The hypothesis of structures essentially states that there is a higher "form" for everything that exists on the planet. Every material thing is essentially a portrayal of the genuine article which is the structure. As indicated by Plato, a great many people can't see the structures, they just observe their portrayal or their shadows, as in the likeness of the cavern. Just the individuals who love information and think about on the truth of things will accomplish comprehension of the structures. Savants, who by definition are information sweethearts, are the main creatures who can arrive at genuine information. This idea needs to be made a stride further in light of the fact that in The Republic, Plato expresses that thinkers ought to be the rulers since they are the main ones who hold the type of the great. Plato is by all accounts saying that it isn't sufficient to know the types of tables or trees, one must know the best structure - type of the great - so as to run the show. The thinking is: in the event that you know the great, at that point you will do the great. Along these lines, logician rulers are by a long shot the most well-suited to run the show.      In The Republic, Plato works around the possibility of Philosopher Rulers.

Stanlislovskis System: Concepts On Acting :: essays research papers

Stanlislovski's System: Concepts on Acting      The Elements of Style, as portrayed by Sonia More in her rearranged see of the Stanlislavski System, are clear simple ideas intended to help entertainers accomplish a significant and honest depiction of their character on the stage through close to home association with their character. These ideas are planned as apparatuses for the entertainer so he may interface with a character or circumstance on the stage that he in any case would not have the option to interface with.      As Sonia Moore put it, Stanlislovski realized that an on-screen character's brain, will, what's more, feelings must take part in the production of a live individual on the stage. He likewise comprehended that it is unthinkable for individuals to turn their musings and feelings on and off as though by a switch. He likewise realized that no entertainer going ahead stage with no purpose behind encountering feelings would be not able to do as such without some association, or extension, to the individual and passionate reaction of their character. So Stanlislovski planned apparatus for the entertainer to use to help him interface with the passionate and physical universe of his character.      Such ideas as The Magic If is an away from of an apparatus an on-screen character could use to interface himself the life of the character. The Magic If, basically guides the on-screen character to pose the straightforward inquiry: "What would I do on the off chance that I were in my character position?" By posing this inquiry of himself the on-screen character can customize the given conditions of the character. The circumstance of the character turns out to be progressively close to home, and the stakes a lot higher, in light of the fact that the entertainer has revealed some specific issues of himself into the character. Due to these particularities the entertainer will work out the given condition of the character in a substantially more honest way. Indeed, even in acting the familiar axiom goes: "You can't truly know somebody until you walk a mile in their shoes." This idea of The Enchantment If additionally has a major impact in another Element of Action - Imagination.      Imagination is another instrument that permits the on-screen character to manufacture a considerable relationship with his character by making the very universe in which his character dwells. Through this masterful creative mind the entertainer can make the past, present, and eventual fate of the character. The entertainer, fundamentally, could play God wherein the character is concerned separated from given conditions or the conditions that exist inside the play. This creative mind is being used to give contemplations and feeling to the character being depicted by just implanting trustworthiness and honesty into the entertainer's exhibition.      There are other Element's of Actions that control the entertainer to shape

A CSR for the Abu Dhabi Culture Authority Research Paper

A CSR for the Abu Dhabi Culture Authority - Research Paper Example The amazing lodging took an aggregate of 3 years to manufacture and was opened in November 2005, anyway there were various cafés and spas that were not opened until the next year as they were not finished when the time inn was making its ways for general society (Kempinski Group). The lodging can be said to have a place with the accommodation just as extravagance industry considering the costly expense of remaining in even the least expensive room accessible (Kempinski Group). The association manages the arrangement of food and lodging among different administrations engaged with the neighborliness business what's more the arrangement of lodgings, there are various different offices that are available inside the structure, for example, cafés, spas, and other brandishing and wellbeing offices that are accessible to the individuals who are living in the inn (Kempinski Group). The structure was planned by a modeler named John Elliot who was a Senior Vice President at a universal firm whose primary claim to fame was in the structuring of lavish inns called Wimberly, Allison, Tong and Goo. The lodging was financed and is claimed by the Abu Dhabi government and is under the administration of the Kempinski Group. The lodging cost 11.02 AED to construct and is the second most costly inn on the planet after the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore (Kempinski Group). Altogether, the inn has 92 suites just as 302 rooms. 22 of these suites are held for facilitating differen t heads of state with key open figures having remained at the lodging before, for example, the previous British Prime Minister Tony Blair (Kempinski Group). The lodging has additionally had the option to hold its own monetarily creating a noteworthy income of more than 50 million U.S dollars every year (Kempinski Group). The least expensive room that is accessible in this inn is what is known as the Coral Room that costs $400 every night with the most costly being the Palace Grand Suite that goes for $11500 per night (Kempinski Group). There are various

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays

Composing Comparison and Contrast Essays Composing Comparison and Contrast Essays Composing Comparison and Contrast Essays Among various types of papers you need to compose at school, examination and complexity articles are maybe the most intriguing ones. Composing examination and difference articles builds up your investigative aptitudes, you can improve your capacity to look at and make ends. All things considered, on the off chance that you don't know how to compose a correlation and differentiation paper, you are perusing the correct article. Beginning your examination and difference essayTo make a decent beginning of your correlation and differentiation paper, ensure you know the reason for examination. Start with giving some basic highlights, after that discover the qualities which are unique, and afterward make an end. For example, you don't have a clue how to compose an examination and differentiation paper on the Bible. All things considered, choose one story which you like. For instance, let it be an anecdote about Cain and Abel. As an issue of normal hi ghlights, compose that them two buckled down. At that point, to differentiate them, start with giving the data that Cain worked in the field, and Abel was a shepherd. At that point, compose that Abel was unassuming and kind, and Cain was jealous and mean. Once, them two chose to make a penance to God. While God acknowledged Abels blessing, Cains penance was dismissed. That is the reason we can make an end that God finds in a people heart, it is difficult to conceal anything from Him.Comparison differentiate paper composing secretsWriting correlation and complexity papers, recall that it is imperative to sound vehement. Once in a while it is difficult to track down focuses to look at. For instance, you may not realize how to compose an examination and differentiation paper on some cutting edge book. Current creators regularly abstain from depicting their characters as contrary energies; they need them to look like genuine individuals which have both positive and negative qualities. T his can convolute composing correlation and complexity expositions. For example, how to compose an examination and difference exposition on History? On the off chance that you need to analyze two poques, pick the primary concerns to portray. They can be the conservative circumstance in the nation, the demographical circumstance, the degree of science improvement. Keep in touch with some data about training and culture of these periods. Composing correlation and complexity expositions on History, it is additionally essential to make reference to the degree of material government assistance of individuals. In end write in which poque people groups life was better. Presently we imagine that you realize how to compose a correlation and difference exposition and you will effortlessly finish your task.

APN Leader Interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

APN Leader Interview - Research Paper Example Morris A. Magnan. Dr. Morris is a propelled practice nurture in the field of clinical medical caretaker expert (CNS) and the beneficiary of the clinical attendant authority explore grant of the year 2009. The reason for the meeting would animate the enthusiasm of the understudy nurture just as medical attendant experts on the criticalness of cutting edge nurture specialist. The meeting is similarly purposed to pinpoint the impact nursing has on wellbeing area conveyance combined with the need of research in nursing as a methods for development in the gauges of nursing care conveyance. Through a meeting with a propelled master in nursing, other up and coming attendants can learn through the experience and gathering in information on other individual medical attendants (Varkey, Reller, and Resar, 2007). A meeting held with Dr. Morris A. Magnan in his office at the school of nursing research focus at Wayne state college uncovered a creation of nine center capabilities in cutting edge nurture practice that are significant in his claim to fame as a clinical medical attendant strength. The following is a piece of the reported meeting that featured the criticalness of the center abilities in his strength. (At 9:00am in Dr. Morris A. Magnan’s office in Wayne state college division of nursing sciences. The workplace is noticeably composed with two or three desk work arranged in various plate on the table. On the divider balance three graphs with the one behind Dr. Morris exhibiting components with which pressure bruises can be forestalled particularly in the geriatric patients. Dr. Morris officially welcomes me to his office meaning the need to start the meeting.) Dr. Morris: Nursing is irrefutably a noteworthy calling in medicinal services conveyance. With the improvement in innovation and changing in way of life, there is nonstop analysis of new contaminations and conditions. The eventual fate of nursing will consequently rely upon the

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now Becoming a better writer is an art form. It requires patience, research, reading voraciously, and above allâ€"practice. In the process, a writers lexicon should be consistently curated, since words are the basis of the writing profession, and words that are vague or superfluous should be replaced with better ones or deleted.If you want to sharpen your craft, here are 30 words and phrases to remove from your writing now.Down, up (if following sat or stood)In most cases when you see these two words following sat or stood, its superfluous. She sat down in the chair could be she sat in the chair, and they stood up to sing could be they stood to sing. The point here is to keep your writing as sharp as possible.ThatIn many cases, use of that is either superfluous or incorrect. The book that is on my bookshelf could be the book on my bookshelf and retain the same meaning. The night that were going to the baseball game should rather be the night were going to the baseball game.That is also i ncorrectly used when referring to people. For example, I have a friend that plays cello is incorrect. You dont have a friend that plays cello. You have a friend who plays cello. In the same sense, My aunt that is visiting from Florida should be my aunt who is visiting from Florida.Said, asked, replied, whispered, demanded or any other dialogue tags (after the first few sentences of dialogue)Instead of using dialogue tags, which slow the pacing of the story, reserve them for the first few sentences of dialogue then ditch them afterwards. After your reader understands the order that the characters are speaking in, theyll catch whos saying what without these distractions.You can also use actions taking place between and around dialogue to help note who is saying each line. Consider the two examples below. Which one has the better pacing?Example 1What time is the meeting tonight, asked Steve.I have no clue, said Terrance, but they sent out an email this morning.Yeah, my email inbox is s wamped with complaints, said Steve.Complaints? said Terrance.Dont ask, said Steve.Example 2Steve stopped, knowing now why he felt like he was forgetting something all morning. What time is the meeting tonight?I have no clue, but they sent out an email this morning. Terrance didnt bother to look up from his work.Yeah, my email inbox is swamped with complaints.Complaints? At least now Terrance was interested.Dont ask.Think, thought, felt, feel, realize, wonderUsing these words in your story is a great example of telling vs. showing. You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration.Or alternatively, state it. If your protagonist wonders whether the love of his life is gone for good, dont write he wondered if the love of his life is gone for good. Instead, write the question: Was the love of his life gone for good? The fact he is wondering this is implied in the narration, so the reader sees what the character is wondering about without being told that the character is, in fact, wondering.You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration. Photo by Nathan Cowley from Pexels.WentThis is one of those lazy words that should be replaced with something more descriptive and compelling. Instead of writing, She went to church you could rather write she drove to church. Instead of writing, He went to soccer practice you could rather write he ran to soccer practice. See how that changes the image? Not only did you avoid a vague word, but you used the same word count to offer more detail for your reader.HonestlyThis word might be more often used in nonfiction or blog articles, but if youre a writer, you should immediately strike it from your vocabulary unless youre using it to describe how someone else has spoken or done something.While its mostly used to a dd emphasis, when its used for this purpose, it immediately implies that the other words youve written are not honest. Honestly, Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies is exactly like saying Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies, except there is implication that youre only now being honest. Additionally, as mentioned for that, extra words should always be removed for sharper writing unless you are going for a purposefully chatty, informal vernacular.Absolutely, totallyWhile usually intended to add emphasis, these words are the epitome of redundancy and are almost never needed. If something is important, its important. Making it absolutely important or totally important doesnt change anything. In the same sense, if something is essential, making it absolutely essential doesnt make it any more essential than it was before adding absolutely to it.Very, really, rather, quiteThese words are modifiers but should always be replaced with a better word to sharpen up your writing. For starters, they signal a young and/or inexperienced writer. If youre using them in dialogue between young people, thats another story, but if its coming from youâ€"the narratorâ€"find a better, more engaging replacement.For example, you could describe a really beautiful day or say it is a dazzling day. You could mention that a road trip will be very long or you could rather describe it as immense, far-reaching or lengthy. Regardless of what youre describing, you will always be able to find a more suitable replacement for very and really. If you choose the right adjective, it shouldnt need to be qualified. If youre stuck, simply pull up an online thesaurus and get unstuck quickly.Writer and humorist Mark Twain had a useful solution to removing unneeded modifiers from your writing. Substitute damn every time youre inclined to write very. Your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.Florence King, American novelist, essayist and columnist , put it like this: Very is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out. More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.AmazingAt one time, amazing was just fine to use. It means causing astonishment, great wonder, or surprise and is used constantly in everything from slogans to speeches to social media posts to conversations about sports or the weather. Simply put: its overused. Heres a list of less-overused words that express the same (or nearly the same) concept.FascinatingIncredibleMarvelousStunningSurprisingUnbelievableAstoundingMiraculousMind-blowingStaggeringWonderfulAlways, neverThese words create absolutes and can make your writing seem inaccurate or even closed-minded. To say that something always happens is to claim that you have an omniscient view of an incident, across locations, situations, and even time periods. Obviously, this is not the case.Women dont always nag their husbands and dogs dont always torment cats. It doesnt always rain in Seattle and children dont always say mean things to each other. In the same sense, claiming that it never rains in the desert or love never lasts makes the writer seem unprofessional, overly confident, and simply wrong. Thats why using these words in your writing should be avoided.LiterallyIf this word is used correctly, it denotes something that happens exactly as stated, in the literal sense. However, youll often see it doing the opposite, or used with a figurative expression (as in, That literally scared me to death!). If you literally thought you were dying, be sure that was the case before using the term. Or even betterâ€"dont use it at all and simply note how you thought you were dying. Rarely does the use of the term add important information and as mentioned regarding several of the words on this list, extraneous or vague words are best left unwritten.JustThis is another filler word that adds nothing to the meaning of the se ntence, unless it is used to describe an action that is based on, or person behaving according to what is morally right and fair (the literal definition of the word). Think of it as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories.Think of words like just as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories. Photo by Mali Maeder from Pexels.Stuff, thingsWeve all met that person who overuses thing when they cant remember the word for the object to which theyre referring. Stuff falls into the same category and neither should be used by writers who would be expected to have an above-average vocabulary. Be specific!IrregardlessThis is one of those words the majority will get wrong, since many who use it dont realize that its meaning is regardless. Although it is a word, it is nonstandard in that its prefix (ir-) and suffix (-less) create a double neg ative. Since its meaning is often misunderstood, combined with a double negative thats confusing, its best to avoid using it at all.

Metamorphosis in Indian Telecom Industry - Free Essay Example

Metamorphosis in Telecom Industry Abstract: Today, Telecommunications is one of the fastest-growing areas of technology in the world. Because of its rapid growth, businesses and individuals can access information at electronic speed from almost anywhere in the world. By including telecommunications in their operations, businesses can provide better services and products to their customers. For individuals, telecommunications provides access to worldwide information and services. India’s telephone network is one of the largest communication networks in the world which continues to grow at blistering pace. The Indian Telecommunications network with 621 million connections (as on March 2010) is the third largest network after China USA and the fastest growing market with a growth rate of 45% in the world and the second largest among the emerging economies of Asia. The telecommunication sector continued to register significant success during the past few years and has emerged as one of the key sectors responsible for India’s resurgent and its economic growth. This rapid growth has been possible due to various proactive and positive decisions of the Government and contribution of both by the public and the private sector. The rapid strides in the telecom sector have been facilitated by liberal policies of the Government that provide easy market access for telecom equipment and a fair regulatory framework for offering telecom services to the Indian consumers at affordable prices. Indian telecommunication sector has undergone a major process of transformation through significant policy reforms, particularly beginning with the announcement of National Telecom Policy (NTP) 1994 and was subsequently re-emphasized and carried forward under NTP 1999. Driven by various policy initiatives, the Indian telecom sector witnessed a complete transformation in the last decade. It has achieved a phenomenal growth during the last few years and is poised to take a big leap in the future also. Presently, all the telecom services have been opened for private participation. Keywords: Telecommunication, Consumers, Teledensity, 3G Services, Technology In today’s information age, the telecommunication industry has a vital role to play. Considered as the backbone of industrial and economic development, the industry has been aiding delivery of voice and data services at rapidly increasing speeds, and thus, has been revolutionising human communication. The development of the telecom sector has experienced a major process of transformation in terms of its growth, technological content, and market structure in the last decade through policy reforms introduced by the Government. The impetus of these changes is expected to continue, and at a much faster pace. INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION Indian telecom sector is more than 165 years old. Telecommunications was first introduced in India in 1851 when the first operational landlines were laid by the government near Kolkata (then Calcutta), although telephone services were formally introduced in India much later in 1881. Further, in 1883, telephone services were merged with the postal system. In 1947, after India attained independence, all foreign telecommunication companies were nationalised to form the Posts, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), a body that was governed by the Ministry of Communication. The first wind of reforms in telecommunications sector began to flow in 1980s when the private sector was allowed in telecommunications equipment manufacturing. The government concretised its earlier efforts towards developing RD in the sector by setting up an autonomous body – Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) in 1984 to develop state-of-the-art telecommunication technology to meet the growing needs of the Indian telecommunication network. In 1985, Department of Telecommunications (DoT) was established. It was an exclusive provider of domestic and long-distance service that would be its own regulator (separate from the postal system). In 1986, two wholly government-owned companies were created: the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) for international telecommunications and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) for service in metropolitan areas. The actual evolution of the industry started after the Government separated the Department of Post nd Telegraph in 1985 by setting up the Department of Posts and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). The entire evolution of the telecom industry can be classified into three distinct phases. * Phase I- Pre-Liberalisation Era (1980-89) * Phase II- Post Liberalisation Era (1990-99) * Phase III- Post 2000 Until the late 90s the Government of India held a monopoly on all types of communications – as a result of the Telegraph Act of 1885. Until the industry was liberalised in the early nineties, it was a heavily government-controlled and small-sized market, Government policies have played a key role in shaping the structure and size of the Telecom industry in India. As a result, the Indian telecom market is one of the most liberalised markets in the world with private participation in almost all of its segments. The New Telecom Policy (NTP-99) provided the much needed impetus to the growth of this industry and set the trend for liberalisation in the industry. NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY 1994 In 1994, the Government announced the National Telecom Policy which defined certain important objectives, including availability of telephone on demand, provision of world class services at reasonable prices, improving India’s competitiveness in global market and promoting exports, attractive FDI and stimulating domestic investment, ensuring India’s emergence as major manufacturing / export base of telecom equipment and universal availability of basic telecom services to all villages. It also announced a series of specific targets to be achieved by 1997. NEW TELECOM POLICY 1999 The most important milestone and instrument of telecom reforms in India  is  the New Telecom Policy 1999 (NTP 99). The New Telecom Policy, 1999 (NTP-99) was approved on 26th March 1999, to become effective from 1st April 1999. NTP-99 laid down a clear roadmap for future reforms, contemplating the opening up of all the segments of the telecom sector for private sector participation. It clearly recognized the need for strengthening the regulatory regime as well as restructuring the departmental telecom services to that of a public sector corporation so as to separate the licensing and policy functions of the Government from that of being an operator. It also recognized the need for resolving the prevailing problems faced by the operators so as to restore their confidence and improve the investment climate. Key features of the NTP 99 include: * Strengthening of Regulator. National long distance services opened to private operators. * International Long Distance Services opened to private sectors. * Private telecom operators licensed on a revenue sharing basis, plus a one-time entry fee. Resolution of problems of existing operators envisaged. * Direct interconnectivity and sharing of network with other telecom operators within the service area was permitted. * Department of Telecommunication Services (DTS) corporatized in 2000. * Spectrum Management made transparen t and more efficient. All the commitments made under NTP 99  have been fulfilled; each one of them, in letter and spirit, some even ahead of schedule, and the reform process is now complete with all the sectors in telecommunications opened for private competition. CURRENT STATUS Globalisation has made telecommunication an integral part of the infrastructure of the Indian economy. The telecom sector in India has developed as a result of progressive regulatory regime. The Indian telecom market has been displaying sustained high growth rates. Riding on expectations of overall high economic growth and consequent rising income levels, it offers an unprecedented opportunity for foreign investment. A combination of factors is driving growth in the telecom market, promising rich returns on investments. It has also experienced a rapid growth over the past decade on account of regulatory liberalisation, structural reforms and competition, making telecom one of the major catalysts in India’s growth story. However, much of this growth can be attributed to the unprecedented growth in mobile telephony as the number of mobile subscribers grew at an astounding rate. The year 2009, saw the Indian telecom sector add 170 million phone connections to take the total subscriber base to 550 million. T R Dua, Deputy Director General of Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), said, â€Å"It is indeed a matter of great satisfaction that the Indian telecom industry continued to grow even when most other sectors grappled with a demand slowdown. † Studies have shown that in India, the telecom sector has been a major enabler of economic growth. An Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) study has shown that states with higher mobile penetration are forecast to grow faster. At present, the Indian telecom market is the fastest growing in the world with the lowest tariffs and currently market leaders in the Indian telecom sector are launching plans to compete with new operators. The year 2009 saw telecom players shift from per minute billing to per second billing. The Indian telecom industry is characterised with intense competition, and continuous price wars. Currently, there are around a dozen telecom service providers who operate in the wired and wireless segment. The government has been periodically implementing suitable fiscal and promotional policies to boost domestic demand and to create volumes for the industry. The Indian telecom market size of over US $ 8 billion is expected to increase three fold by 2012. The Indian telecom industry has immense growth potential as the teledensity in the country is just 36 as compared with 60 in the US, 102 in the UK and 58 in Canada. The wireless segment growth has played a dominant role in taking the teledensity to the current levels. In the next few years, the industry is poised to grow further; in fact, it has already entered a consolidation phase as foreign players are struggling to acquire a pie in this dynamic industry. The Indian Telecom Analysis (2008-2012) report by RNCOS Industry Research Solutions shows that mobile telecom segment has surpassed all other segments in the Indian telecom sector. (The mobile telecom market is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate of around 15 per cent between 2009-10 and 2013-14. The report also indicates that the advance of services such as Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and 3G are fuelling the growth of the Indian telecom sector. Meanwhile, Bangladeshs telecom regulator granted approval to Indian telecom operator, Bharti Airtel’s US$ 300 million proposed investment for a 70 per cent stake in the Abu Dhabi Groups Warid Telecom of Bangladesh. This a pproval makes the company the first Indian operator from the Indian telecom sector to foray into Bangladeshs mobile market. Indian telecom companies are following the trend of global telecom companies such as France Telecom, AT;T and Vodafone to capitalise on the excitement in the mobile applications space—mobile service provider Aircel has partnered Infosys Technologies to launch the first mobile application in the Indian telecom sector. Also, Airtel is considering partnering software company IBM to launch app stores in 2010. This signals the increasing recognition among operators in the Indian telecom sector that the way ahead for mobile technology lies with independent developers. In another development in the Indian telecom sector, Tata Teleservices Ltd (TTSL) has partnered Novatium Solutions Ltd to launch what is said to be the country’s first cloud computing service over wireless broadband, ‘Nova Navigator. The Navigator is being described as a ‘zero maintenance access device with features such as 3G support and plug and play printer support and multimedia support. In a development that will provide fundamental benefits to services offered by the Indian telecom sector, Tata Communications and China Telecom Corp are to jointly build a 500-km optical fibre cable network between the two countries in 2010. Along with the investments of Tata Communications in other subsea cable investments, the India-China Terrestrial Cable will provide high-speed connectivity between Asia and Europe. FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTUS OF TELECOM SECTOR IN INDIA Both fixed line and mobile segments serve the basic needs of local calls, long distance calls and the international calls, with the provision of broadband services in the fixed line segment and GPRS in the mobile arena. Traditional telephones have been replaced by the codeless and the wireless instruments. Mobile phone providers have also come up with GPRS-enabled multimedia messaging, Internet surfing, and mobile-commerce. The much-awaited 3G mobile technology is soon going to transform the Indian telecom market. The GSM, CDMA, WLL service providers are all upgrading them to provide 3G mobile services. Along with improvement in telecom services, there is also an improvement in manufacturing. In the beginning, there were only the Siemens handsets in India but now a whole series of new handsets, such as Nokias latest N-series, Sony Ericssons W-series, Motorolas PDA phones, etc. ave come up. Touch screen and advanced technological handsets are gaining popularity. Radio services have also been incorporated in the mobile handsets, along with other applications like high storage memory, multimedia applications, multimedia games, MP3 Players, video generators, Cameras, etc. The value added services provided by the mobile service operators contribute more than 10% of the total revenue. FACTOR S FACILITATING GROWTH OF THE SECTOR The phenomenal growth in the Indian telecom industry was brought about by the wireless revolution that began in the nineties. Besides this, the following factors also aided the growth of the industry. Liberalisation The relaxation of telecom regulations has played a major role in the development of the Indian telecom industry. The liberalisation policies of 1991 and the consequent influx of private players have led the industry on a high growth trajectory and have increased the level of competition. Post-liberalisation, the telecom industry has received more investments and has implemented higher technology. Increasing Affordability of Handsets The phenomenal growth in the Indian telecom industry was predominantly aided by the meteoric rise in wireless subscribers, which encouraged mobile handset manufacturers to enter the market and to cater to the growing demand. Further, the manufacturers introduced lower-priced handsets with add-on facilities to cater to the increasing number of subscribers from different strata of the society. Now even entry-level handsets come with features like coloured display and FM radio. Thus, the falling handset prices and the add-on features have triggered growth of the Indian telecom industry. Prepaid Cards Bring in More Subscribers In the late nineties, India was introduced to prepaid cards, which was yet another milestone for the wireless sector. Prepaid cards lured more subscribers into the industry besides lowering the credit risk of service providers due to its upfront payment concept. Prepaid cards were quite a phenomenon among first-time users who wanted to control their bills and students who had limited resources but greater need to be connected. Pre-paid cards greatly helped the cellular market to grow rapidly and cater to the untapped market. Further, the introduction of innovative schemes like recharge coupons of smaller denominations and life time incoming free cards has led to an exponential growth in the subscriber base. Introduction of Calling Party Pays (CPP) The CPP regime was introduced in India in 2003 and under this regime, the calling party who initiated the call was to bear the entire cost of the call. This regime came to be applicable for mobile to mobile calls as well as fixed line to mobile calls. So far India had followed the Receiving Party Pays (RPP) system where the subscriber used to pay for incoming calls from both mobile as well as fixedline networks. Shifting to the CPP system has greatly fuelled the subscriber growth in the sector. Changing Demographic Profile The changing demographic profile of India has also played an important role in subscriber growth. The changed profile is characterised by a large young population, a burgeoning middle class with growing disposable income, urbanisation, increasing literacy levels and higher adaptability to technology. These new features have multiplied the need to be connected always and to own a wireless phone and therefore, in present times mobiles are perceived as a utility rather than a luxury. Increased Competition ; Declining Tariffs Liberalisation of the telecom industry has fuelled intense competition, especially in the cellular segment. The ever-increasing competition has led to high growth of subscribers and has put pressure on tariffs, which have seen a sharp drop over the years. When the cellular phones were introduced, call rates were at a peak of Rs 16 per minute and there were charges for incoming calls too. Today, however, incoming calls are no longer charged and outgoing calls are charged at less than a rupee per minute. Thus, the tariff war has come a long way indeed. Increased competition and the subsequent tariff war have acted as a major catalyst for attracting more subscribers. Apart from these major growth drivers, an improved network coverage, entry of CDMA players, growth of value-added services (VAS), advancement in technology, and growing data services have also driven the growth of the industry. CONCLUSION The telecom industry in India has experienced exponential growth over the past few years and has been an important contributor to economic growth; however, the cut-throat competition and intense tariff wars have had a negative impact on the revenue of players. Despite the challenges, the Indian telecom industry will thrive because of the immense potential in terms of new users. India is one of the most-attractive telecom markets because it is still one of the lowest penetrated markets. The government is keen on developing rural telecom infrastructure and is also set to roll out next generation or 3G services in the country. Operators are on an expansion mode and are investing heavily on telecom infrastructure. Foreign telecom companies are acquiring considerable stakes in Indian companies. Burgeoning middle class and increasing spending power, the government’s thrust on increasing rural telecom coverage, favourable investment climate and positive reforms will ensure that India’s high potential is indeed realised. The government has eased the rules regarding inter circle and intra circle mergers. This has led to a slew of mergers and acquisitions in the recent past. Also as the sector is moving closer to maturity, further consolidation is a reality and this will lead to the survival of more profitable players in this segment. In order to further promote the use of Internet in the country the government is taking proactive steps to develop this sector with the help of the various players in this segment. For this purpose, the use of broadband technology is being mooted and this will go a long way in improving the productivity of the Indian economy as well as turn out to be the next big opportunity for telecom companies after the mobile communications segment. References www. indiatelecom. org www. trai. gov. in www. telecommindia. com www. telecomindiaonline. com/ www. dot. gov. in/